Cycling Linked to Lower Dementia Risk, Study Reveals Key Benefits
A recent study has highlighted the cognitive benefits of cycling, suggesting that this form of transportation may significantly reduce the risk of dementia. Conducted by researchers analyzing data from nearly 480,000 participants in the UK Biobank, the findings indicate that individuals who cycle regularly experience a 19% lower risk of all-cause dementia and a 22% lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease compared to those who use nonactive modes of travel, such as cars or buses. The study, published in the JAMA Network Open, adds to the growing body of evidence supporting physical activity as a protective factor against cognitive decline.
The research aligns with the 2024 Lancet Commission, which recognized physical activity as one of the key factors that can prevent or delay approximately 45% of dementia cases globally. With more than 55 million people currently living with dementia—a number projected to nearly triple by 2050—the implications of these findings are significant.
Examining the health outcomes of individuals aged 40 to 69, the study tracked participants over a median follow-up period of 13.1 years. During this time, 8,845 participants developed dementia, and 3,956 adults were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. Participants reported their primary mode of travel over the previous four weeks, categorizing their activities into nonactive, walking, mixed walking, cycling, and mixed cycling.
While walking and mixed walking were associated with a 6% lower risk of dementia, they surprisingly correlated with a 14% higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease. This nuance suggests that the type of physical activity may influence different aspects of cognitive health. The study also revealed that the presence of the APOE ε4 gene, a known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s, affected dementia risk; those without the gene had a 26% lower risk, while carriers experienced only a 12% reduction.
Dr. Joe Verghese, a professor and chair of neurology at Stony Brook University in New York, noted the significance of the findings, stating, “This study is the first to show that cycling is linked not only to a lower risk of dementia but also to a larger hippocampus.” The hippocampus is critical for memory and learning, and larger volumes in this region may offer protective benefits for cognitive function.
While the study’s strengths are notable, it also has limitations. Dr. Sanjula Singh, principal investigator at the Brain Care Labs at Massachusetts General Hospital, pointed out concerns about self-reported travel modes. “We don’t know how people’s habits changed over time,” she noted, emphasizing the need for caution in generalizing results. Furthermore, most participants were White and healthier at baseline, potentially limiting the applicability of the findings across diverse communities.
The researchers also highlighted that observational studies can only establish associations rather than direct causation. Dr. Glen Finney, a behavioral neurologist and director of the Memory and Cognition Program at Geisinger Health System, acknowledged these points. He suggested that individuals who prefer active travel modes often exhibit healthier lifestyles, which may influence their cognitive health.
Despite these caveats, the correlation between cycling and improved brain health remains compelling. The exercise involved in cycling can enhance cardiovascular fitness, increase blood flow to the brain, support neuroplasticity, and boost metabolism. Additionally, the cognitive engagement required while cycling may provide further protective benefits against dementia.
For individuals looking to incorporate cycling into their routines, experts advise starting gradually. Dr. Verghese recommends consulting with a healthcare provider if one is typically sedentary. “Begin with short, safe routes on dedicated bike paths before moving into traffic,” he said. Safety measures, such as wearing helmets and using reflective gear, are crucial, especially when cycling or walking at night.
Cycling just once or a few times each week can yield positive effects on overall health. For those concerned about safety, indoor stationary cycling is a viable option. In terms of walking, aiming for brisk, purposeful walks, ideally lasting at least 30 minutes a day, can also contribute to better cognitive health.
The World Health Organization recommends adults engage in 150 to 300 minutes of moderate aerobic activity or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous exercise weekly. As the evidence mounts regarding the benefits of physical activity on brain health, cycling emerges as a promising avenue for reducing dementia risk and promoting cognitive longevity.
