Viral Infections Linked to Increased Heart Attack and Stroke Risk
Common viral infections, including influenza, shingles, and even HIV, have been identified as potential risk factors for heart attacks and strokes. A meta-analysis published on March 6, 2024, in the Journal of the American Heart Association examined 155 studies and revealed that viral infections can significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases both immediately and over the long term.
While previous research highlighted the strong connection between Covid-19 and cardiovascular conditions, this recent analysis expands the scope to include various viral infections. For instance, individuals who contracted the flu were found to be up to six times more likely to experience a heart attack within a month following the infection. Furthermore, those who had Covid-19 were nearly twice as likely to develop heart disease or stroke compared to uninfected individuals.
Understanding the Mechanisms
The study’s lead author, Dr. Kosuke Kawai, an adjunct professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, emphasized the importance of vaccination as a preventive measure. “Often, we get vaccinated to reduce the risk of influenza or other illness, but I think vaccines can provide additional benefit in terms of potentially protecting against cardiovascular disease,” he stated.
The research concluded that both acute infections, such as influenza and Covid-19, and chronic infections like HIV and hepatitis C, correlate with a heightened risk of cardiovascular events. Notably, viruses like cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, hepatitis A, human papillomavirus (HPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), dengue, and chikungunya have also been associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, although further research is warranted to clarify these associations.
Dr. Scott Roberts, associate medical director for infection prevention at the Yale School of Medicine, explained how viral infections can impact heart health. He noted that respiratory viruses raise cardiovascular risk through two primary mechanisms: indirectly by triggering an overactive immune response that causes inflammation and directly by attacking heart tissue. Respiratory viruses typically follow the indirect pathway, while enterovirus strains can directly infect heart muscle.
The severity of the viral illness often correlates with the risk of cardiovascular complications. “Generally, the more severe the viral illness, the greater the risk of cardiovascular complications,” Dr. Roberts added. These infections can exacerbate existing heart conditions, such as heart failure.
Preventive Strategies
Given the findings, Dr. Kawai urged individuals to take protective measures against viral infections. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease is not limited to those with pre-existing conditions; younger adults and those without traditional risk factors may also face increased risk following a viral infection.
The authors of the study highlighted the necessity of integrated preventive measures, particularly for adults with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Vaccination is a crucial component in mitigating the risk of cardiovascular disease. They stated, “Our study highlights the importance of integrated preventive measures, especially for adults with traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease.”
Vaccines exist for many of the viruses mentioned and are generally effective at reducing the risk of cardiovascular events post-infection. Vaccinated individuals are less likely to experience severe infections, which in turn lowers the chances of cardiovascular complications. Dr. Kawai clarified that vaccines typically contain either inactivated viruses or specific subunits from pathogens, which do not provoke an overactive immune response capable of harming the heart.
Individuals concerned about their risk of heart problems following a viral infection are encouraged to consult with their healthcare provider. The study’s implications underscore the critical need for awareness and preventive action in the context of viral infections and cardiovascular health.
